Fortinet NSE7_NST-7.2 Practice Test - Questions Answers, Page 3

RTT (Round Trip Time):

RTT in the context of the FortiGuard server list indicates the time it takes for a request to be sent to a FortiGuard server and for a response to be received.

This metric helps determine the latency between the FortiGate device and the FortiGuard servers, which is crucial for ensuring efficient and quick updates and responses for services like web filtering and antivirus updates.

Server Selection:

The FortiGate device uses RTT values to prioritize servers. Servers with lower RTT values are preferred as they respond faster, ensuring minimal delay in processing requests.

This improves the overall performance of FortiGuard services by reducing the time it takes to communicate with the servers.

Fortinet Community: Troubleshooting FortiGuard server connections and RTT values (Welcome to the Fortinet Community!) (Fortinet Docs).

Fortinet Documentation: FortiGuard server settings and RTT explanation (Welcome to the Fortinet Community!) (Fortinet Docs).

Remote Gateway IP:

The output shows 10.200.5.1 as the remote gateway IP, confirming that this is the IP address of the remote gateway involved in the IPsec VPN tunnel.

Quick Mode Selectors:

The quick mode selectors specify the subnets involved in the VPN. The output shows src: 0:10.1.2.0/255.255.255.0:0 and dst: 0:10.1.1.0/255.255.255.0:0, indicating the subnets being tunneled.

DPD (Dead Peer Detection):

DPD is shown as mode=on-demand on=1 idle=20000ms retry=3 count=0 seqno=0, indicating that DPD is enabled in on-demand mode.

Anti-replay:

The output includes replaywin=2048 and replaywin_lastseq=00000000, which are indicators that anti-replay protection is enabled for the IPsec tunnel.

Fortinet Network Security 7.2 Support Engineer Documentation

VPN Configuration and Diagnostic Guides

The session table entry provided shows detailed information about a specific network session passing through the FortiGate device. From the session details, we can see that the session has various attributes such as state, protocol, policy, and inspection details.

The session state (proto_state=11) indicates that the session is being actively processed and inspected.

The npd_state=00000000 suggests that the session is being handled by the CPU rather than offloaded to a Network Processor (NP).

The session is marked for security profile inspection, evident from the detailed byte/packet counts and other session parameters.

From these indicators, it's clear that FortiGate is using its CPU to perform security profile inspection on this session rather than simply forwarding the traffic without inspection or relying solely on IPS inspection.

Fortinet Documentation on Session Table

Fortinet Community Discussion on Session Table

The command diagnose test application ipsmonitor 5 is used to restart all IPS (Intrusion Prevention System) engines and monitors on the FortiGate device. This command is part of the diagnostic tools available for troubleshooting and maintaining the IPS functionality on the FortiGate.

Running this command forces the IPS system to reset and reinitialize, which can be useful in situations where the IPS functionality appears to be malfunctioning or not responding correctly.

This action helps in clearing any issues that might have arisen due to internal errors or misconfigurations, ensuring that the IPS engines operate correctly after the restart.

IKE_SA_INIT:

This is the first exchange in IKEv2. It establishes a secure, authenticated channel between peers and negotiates cryptographic algorithms and keys.

IKE_Auth:

The second exchange authenticates the IKE SA (Security Association) using the previously negotiated keys and algorithms. This exchange also establishes the first IPsec SA.

Create_CHILD_SA:

This exchange creates additional IPsec SAs after the initial authentication. It can also be used to rekey existing IPsec SAs to maintain security.

Informational:

This is a generic exchange used for various purposes such as error notification, deletion of SAs, and other control messages.

Fortinet Community: IKEv2 packet exchanges and troubleshooting

Fortinet Documentation: IPsec VPN Concepts

Session Synchronization:

FortiGate HA (High Availability) ensures that active sessions are synchronized between the primary and secondary devices. This synchronization allows for seamless failover and continuity of sessions.

Handling NAT Sessions:

The session in the exhibit has NAT applied, as indicated by the hook=post dir=org act=snat entry. FortiGate's HA setup is designed to handle such sessions, ensuring that traffic continues without interruption during failover.

Session Preservation:

Even with the presence of NAT, the session state is preserved across the HA devices. This means that ongoing sessions do not require re-establishment by the client, thus providing a seamless experience.

Fortinet Documentation: HA session synchronization and failover

Fortinet Community: Understanding session synchronization in FortiGate HA

Kernel Slabs Overview:

The slab allocator in the Linux kernel is used for efficient memory management. It groups objects of the same type into caches, which are divided into slabs.

Each slab contains multiple objects and helps to minimize fragmentation and enhance memory allocation efficiency.

Interpreting the Exhibit:

The exhibit shows output related to various kernel slab caches.

The line for ip6_session indicates that there are 1300 kB allocated for this slab, which means the total memory size allocated for IPv6 session objects in the kernel is 1300 kB.

Fortinet Community: Explanation of kernel slab allocation and usage (Welcome to the Fortinet Community!) (Hammertux).

Linux Kernel Documentation: Slab Allocator details (Hammertux).

Session Table Overview:

The session table in FortiOS tracks all active and pending sessions. It includes details like the type of session (TCP, UDP, etc.), status, and statistics.

Interpreting the Exhibit:

The exhibit from the diagnose sys session stat command shows detailed session statistics.

The specific value indicating '166 TCP sessions waiting to complete the three-way handshake' reflects the number of sessions that have initiated but not yet completed the TCP three-way handshake process (SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK).

Fortinet Documentation: Understanding and troubleshooting session tables (Hammertux).

Fortinet Community: Explanation of session states and statistics (Welcome to the Fortinet Community!) (Hammertux).

Automation Stitches Overview:

Automation stitches in FortiOS allow administrators to automate responses to specific events, such as running diagnostic commands or taking corrective actions when certain thresholds are exceeded.

Diagnostic Commands and Alerts:

Automation stitches can be configured to run diagnostic commands and attach the results to email alerts. This is useful for monitoring and troubleshooting purposes, particularly when CPU or memory usage exceeds set thresholds.

Sequential Execution with Parameters:

When actions are executed sequentially, each action can take parameters from the previous action as input. This enables more complex workflows and automation sequences where the output of one action influences the next.

Fortinet Documentation: Configuring and using automation stitches (Welcome to the Fortinet Community!) (Hammertux).

Fortinet Community: Automation stitches and their applications in FortiOS (Hammertux) (Fortinet GURU).