Question 3 - CWAP-404 discussion

The GTK (Group Temporal Key) is encrypted within the third message of the 4-Way Handshake. The 4-Way Handshake is a process that establishes a secure connection between a STA (station) and an AP (access point) using WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2), which is a security protocol that uses AES-CCMP (Advanced Encryption Standard-Counter Mode CBC-MAC Protocol) as its encryption algorithm. The 4-Way Handshake consists of four messages that are exchanged between the STA and the AP. The first message is sent by the AP to the STA, containing the ANonce (Authenticator Nonce), which is a random number generated by the AP. The second message is sent by the STA to the AP, containing the SNonce (Supplicant Nonce), which is a random number generated by the STA, and the MIC (Message Integrity Code), which is a value that verifies the integrity of the message. The third message is sent by the AP to the STA, containing the GTK, which is a key that is used to encrypt and decrypt multicast and broadcast data frames, and the MIC. The GTK is encrypted with the KEK (Key Encryption Key), which is derived from the PTK (Pairwise Temporal Key). The PTK is a key that is used to encrypt and decrypt unicast data frames, and it is derived from the PMK (Pairwise Master Key), the ANonce, and the SNonce. The fourth message is sent by the STA to the AP, containing only the MIC, to confirm the completion of the 4-Way Handshake. The other options are not correct, as they are not encrypted within the third message of the 4-Way Handshake. The PMK is a key that is derived from a passphrase or obtained from an authentication server, and it is not transmitted in any message of the 4-Way Handshake. The PTK is a key that is derived from the PMK, the ANonce, and the SNonce, and it is not transmitted in any message of the 4-Way Handshake. The GMK (Group Master Key) is a key that is generated by the AP and used to derive the GTK, and it is not transmitted in any message of the 4-Way Handshake.Reference:[Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 8: Security Analysis, page 211-213