ECCouncil 212-82 Practice Test - Questions Answers, Page 3

Yes is the answer to whether the file has been modified or not in the above scenario. A hash is a fixed-length string that is generated by applying a mathematical function, called a hash function, to a piece of data, such as a file or a message. A hash can be used to verify the integrity or authenticity of data by comparing it with another hash value of the same data . A hash value is unique and any change in the data will result in a different hash value . To compare the hash value of the original file with the leaked file and state whether the file has been modified or not, one has to follow these steps:

Navigate to Hash folder in Documents of Attacker-1 machine.

Open OriginalFileHash.txt file with a text editor.

Note down the MD5 hash value of the original file as 8f14e45fceea167a5a36dedd4bea2543

Open Command Prompt and change directory to Hash folder using cd command.

Type certutil -hashfile Sensitiveinfo.txt MD5 and press Enter key to generate MD5 hash value of leaked file.

Note down the MD5 hash value of leaked file as 9f14e45fceea167a5a36dedd4bea2543 Compare both MD5 hash values.

The MD5 hash values are different , which means that the file has been modified.

Quid pro quo is the social engineering technique that Johnson employed in the above scenario.

Social engineering is a technique that involves manipulating or deceiving people into performing actions or revealing information that can be used for malicious purposes. Social engineering can be performed through various methods, such as phone calls, emails, websites, etc. Quid pro quo is a social engineering method that involves offering a service or a benefit in exchange for information or access. Quid pro quo can be used to trick victims into believing that they are receiving help or assistance from a legitimate source, while in fact they are compromising their security or privacy . In the scenario, Johnson performed quid pro quo by claiming himself to represent a technical support team from a vendor and offering to help sibertech.org with a server issue, while in fact he prompted the victim to execute unusual commands and install malicious files, which were then used to collect and pass critical information to Johnson's machine. Diversion theft is a social engineering method that involves diverting the delivery or shipment of goods or assets to a different location or destination. Elicitation is a social engineering method that involves extracting information from a target by engaging them in a conversation or an interaction. Phishing is a social engineering method that involves sending fraudulent emails or messages that appear to come from a trusted source, such as a bank, a company, or a person, and asking the recipient to click on a link, open an attachment, or provide personal or financial information.

Quid pro quo is the social engineering technique that Johnson employed in the above scenario. Quid pro quo is a social engineering method that involves offering a service or a benefit in exchange for information or access. Quid pro quo can be used to trick victims into believing that they are receiving help or assistance from a legitimate source, while in fact they are compromising their security or privacy. In the scenario, Johnson performed quid pro quo by claiming himself to represent a technical support team from a vendor and offering to help sibertech.org with a server issue, while in fact he prompted the victim to execute unusual commands and install malicious files, which were then used to collect and pass critical information to Johnson's machine. If you want to learn more about social engineering techniques, you can check out these resources:

[1] A guide to different types of social engineering attacks and how to prevent them:

[https://www.csoonline.com/article/2124681/what-is-social-engineering.html]

[2] A video that explains how quid pro quo works and how to avoid falling for it:

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Yy0gZ9xw8g]

[3] A quiz that tests your knowledge of social engineering techniques and scenarios:

[https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=social-engineering-quiz]

Weaponization is the stage of the cyber kill chain that you are at in the above scenario. The cyber kill chain is a model that describes the phases of a cyberattack from the perspective of the attacker. The cyber kill chain consists of seven stages: reconnaissance, weaponization, delivery, exploitation, installation, command and control, and actions on objectives. Reconnaissance is the stage of the cyber kill chain that involves gathering information about the target, such as IP addresses, domain names, vulnerabilities, etc. Weaponization is the stage of the cyber kill chain that involves creating a malicious payload or tool that can exploit the target's vulnerabilities. Weaponization can include creating a client-side backdoor to send it to the employees via email. Delivery is the stage of the cyber kill chain that involves transmitting or delivering the weaponized payload or tool to the target's system or network. Exploitation is the stage of the cyber kill chain that involves executing or triggering the weaponized payload or tool on the target's system or network.

HIPPA/PHI is the regulation that is mostly violated in the above scenario. HIPPA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) is a US federal law that sets standards for protecting the privacy and security of health information. PHI (Protected Health Information) is any information that relates to the health or health care of an individual and that can identify the individual, such as name, address, medical records, etc. HIPPA/PHI requires covered entities, such as health care providers, health plans, or health care clearinghouses, and their business associates, to safeguard PHI from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure . In the scenario, the medical company experienced a major cyber security breach that exposed the personal medical records of many patients on the internet, which violates HIPPA/PHI regulations. PII (Personally Identifiable Information) is any information that can be used to identify a specific individual, such as name, address, social security number, etc. PII is not specific to health information and can be regulated by various laws, such as GDPR (General Data

Protection Regulation), CCPA (California Consumer Privacy Act), etc. PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard) is a set of standards that applies to entities that store, process, or transmit payment card information, such as merchants, service providers, or payment processors. PCI DSS requires them to protect cardholder data from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure. ISO 2002 (International Organization for Standardization 2002) is not a regulation, but a standard for information security management systems that provides guidelines and best practices for organizations to manage their information security risks.

128 is the TTL value that Henry obtained, which indicates that the target OS is Windows. TTL (Time to Live) is a field in the IP (Internet Protocol) header that specifies how long a packet can remain in a network before it is discarded or dropped. TTL is usually expressed in seconds or hops (the number of routers or gateways that a packet passes through). TTL is used to prevent packets from looping endlessly in a network or consuming network resources . Different operating systems have different default TTL values for their packets. By observing the TTL value of a packet from a target system or network, one can infer the operating system of the target . Some common TTL values and their corresponding operating systems are:

64: Linux, Unix, Android

128: Windows

255: Cisco IOS

60: Mac OS

In the scenario, Henry used Nmap tool to discover the OS of the target system. Nmap (Network Mapper) is a tool that can perform various network scanning and enumeration tasks, such as port scanning, OS detection, service identification, etc . Nmap can use various techniques to detect the OS of a target system, such as TCP/IP fingerprinting, which involves analyzing various TCP/IP characteristics of packets from the target system, such as TTL value. In the scenario, Henry obtained a TTL value of 128 , which indicates that the target OS is Windows.

Obfuscating is the technique used by Kevin to evade the IDS system in the above scenario.

Obfuscating is a technique that involves encoding or modifying packets or data with various methods or characters to make them unreadable or unrecognizable by an IDS (Intrusion Detection System).

Obfuscating can be used to bypass or evade an IDS system that relies on signatures or patterns to detect malicious activities. Obfuscating can include encoding packets with Unicode characters, which are characters that can represent various languages and symbols. The IDS system cannot recognize the packet, but the target web server can decode them and execute them normally.

Desynchronization is a technique that involves creating discrepancies or inconsistencies between the state of a connection as seen by an IDS system and the state of a connection as seen by the end hosts. Desynchronization can be used to bypass or evade an IDS system that relies on stateful inspection to track and analyze connections. Desynchronization can include sending packets with invalid sequence numbers, which are numbers that indicate the order of packets in a connection.

Session splicing is a technique that involves splitting or dividing packets or data into smaller fragments or segments to make them harder to detect by an IDS system. Session splicing can be used to bypass or evade an IDS system that relies on packet size or content to detect malicious activities.

Session splicing can include sending packets with small MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) values, which are values that indicate the maximum size of packets that can be transmitted over a network.

An urgency flag is a flag in the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) header that indicates that the data in the packet is urgent and should be processed immediately by the receiver. An urgency flag is not a technique to evade an IDS system, but it can be used to trigger an IDS system to generate an alert or a response.

Anomaly detection is a type of IDS detection method that involves first creating models for possible intrusions and then comparing these models with incoming events to make a detection decision. It can detect unknown or zero-day attacks by looking for deviations from normal or expected behavior

A true positive alert is generated by an IDS system when it correctly identifies an ongoing intrusion attempt on the network and sends an alert to the security professional. This is the desired outcome of an IDS system, as it indicates that the system is working effectively and accurately