ECCouncil 312-38 Practice Test - Questions Answers, Page 12

The FAT16 file system was developed for disks larger than 16MB. It uses 16-bit allocation table entries. The FAT16 file system supports all Microsoft operating systems. It also supports OS/2 and Linux. Answer options C and A are incorrect. All these statements are true about the FAT16 file system.

The Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is used for routing of voice conversation over the Internet. The VoIP is also known by other names such as IP Telephony, Broadband Telephony, etc. Analog signals are used in telephones in which the sound is received as electrical pulsation, which is amplified and then carried to a small loudspeaker attached to the other phone, and the call receiver can hear the sound. In VoIP, analog signals are changed into digital signals, which are transmitted on the Internet. VoIP is used to make free phone calls using an Internet connection, and this can be done by using any VoIP software available in the market. There are various modes for making phone calls through the Internet. Some of the important modes are as follows:

Through Analog Telephone Adapter (ATA) In this mode, the traditional phone is attached to the computer through AT

A. ATA receives analog signals from the phone and then converts these signals to digital signals. The digital signals are then received by the Internet Service Providers (ISP), and the system is ready to make calls over VoIP.

Through IP Phone IP Phones look exactly like the traditional phones, but they differ in that they have RJ-45 Ethernet connectors, instead of RJ-11 phone connectors, for connecting to the computers.

Computer To Computer This is the easiest way to use VoIP. For this, we need software, microphone, speakers, sound card and an Internet connection through a cable or a DSL modem.

Soft Phones

Soft phone is a software application that can be loaded onto a computer and used anywhere in the broadband connectivity area.

The Sliding Window protocol is a feature of packet-based data transmission protocols. It is used in the data link layer (OSI model) as well as in TCP (transport layer of the OSI model). It is used to keep a record of the frame sequences sent, and their respective acknowledgements received, by both the users. Its additional feature over a simpler protocol is that can allow multiple packets to be "in transmission" simultaneously, rather than waiting for each packet to be acknowledged before sending the next.In transmit flow control, sliding window is a variable-duration window that allows a sender to transmit a specified number of data units before an acknowledgment is received or before a specified event occurs.An example of a sliding window is one in which, after the sender fails to receive an acknowledgment for the first transmitted frame, the sender "slides" the window, i.e., resets the window, and sends a second frame. This process is repeated for the specified number of times before the sender interrupts transmission. Sliding window is sometimes called acknowledgment delay period.

A rootkit is a set of tools that take Administrative control of a computer system without authorization by the computer owners and/or legitimate managers. A rootkit requires root access to be installed in the Linux operating system, but once installed, the attacker can get root access at any time. Rootkits have the following features:

They allow an attacker to run packet sniffers secretly to capture passwords.

They allow an attacker to set a Trojan into the operating system and thus open a backdoor for anytime access.

They allow an attacker to replace utility programs that can be used to detect the attacker's activity. They provide utilities for installing Trojans with the same attributes as legitimate programs.

802.11i is an amendment to the original IEEE 802.11. This standard specifies security mechanisms for wireless networks. It replaced the short Authentication and privacy clause of the original standard with a detailed Security clause. In the process, it deprecated the broken WEP. 802.11i supersedes the previous security specification, Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), which was shown to have severe security weaknesses. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) had previously been introduced by the Wi-Fi Alliance as an intermediate solution to WEP insecurities. The Wi-Fi Alliance refers to their approved, interoperable implementation of the full 802.11i as WPA2, also called RSN (Robust Security Network). 802.11i makes use of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) block cipher, whereas WEP and WPA use the RC4 stream cipher.

Answer option D is incorrect. 802.11a is an amendment to the IEEE 802.11 specification that added a higher data rate of up to 54 Mbit/s using the 5 GHz band. It has seen widespread worldwide implementation, particularly within the corporate workspace. Using the 5 GHz band gives 802.11a a significant advantage, since the 2.4 GHz band is heavily used to the point of being crowded. Degradation caused by such conflicts can cause frequent dropped connections and degradation of service.

Answer option A is incorrect. 802.11b is an amendment to the IEEE 802.11 specification that extended throughput up to 11 Mbit/s using the same 2.4 GHz band.

This specification under the marketing name of Wi-Fi has been implemented all over the world. 802.11b is used in a point-to-multipoint configuration, wherein an access point communicates via an omni-directional antenna with one or more nomadic or mobile clients that are located in a coverage area around the access point.

Answer option B is incorrect. The 802.11e standard is a proposed enhancement to the 802.11a and 802.11b wireless LAN (WLAN) specifications. It offers quality of service (QoS) features, including the prioritization of data, voice, and video transmissions. 802.11e enhances the 802.11 Media Access Control layer (MAC layer) with a coordinated time division multiple access (TDMA) construct, and adds error-correcting mechanisms for delay-sensitive applications such as voice and video.

Snort is an open source network intrusion prevention and detection system that operates as a network sniffer. It logs activities of the network that is matched with the predefined signatures. Signatures can be designed for a wide range of traffic, including Internet Protocol (IP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User

Datagram Protocol (UDP), and Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). The three main modes in which Snort can be configured are as follows:

Sniffer mode: It reads the packets of the network and displays them in a continuous stream on the console. Packet logger mode: It logs the packets to the disk.

Network intrusion detection mode: It is the most complex and configurable configuration, allowing Snort to analyze network traffic for matches against a userdefined rule set.

Answer option A is incorrect. Dsniff is a set of tools that are used for sniffing passwords, e-mail, and HTTP traffic. Some of the tools of Dsniff include dsniff, arpredirect, macof, tcpkill, tcpnice, filesnarf, and mailsnarf. Dsniff is highly effective for sniffing both switched and shared networks. It uses the arpredirect and macof tools for switching across switched networks. It can also be used to capture authentication information for FTP, telnet, SMTP, HTTP, POP, NNTP, IMAP, etc.

Answer option D is incorrect. Kismet is a Linux-based 802.11 wireless network sniffer and intrusion detection system. It can work with any wireless card that supports raw monitoring (rfmon) mode. Kismet can sniff 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g, and 802.11n traffic. Kismet can be used for the following tasks:

To identify networks by passively collecting packets To detect standard named networks To detect masked networks To collect the presence of non-beaconing networks via data traffic Answer option B is incorrect. KisMAC is a wireless network discovery tool for Mac OS X. It has a wide range of features, similar to those of Kismet, its Linux/BSD namesake and far exceeding those of NetStumbler, its closest equivalent on Windows. The program is geared towards the network security professionals, and is not as novice-friendly as the similar applications. KisMAC will scan for networks passively on supported cards, including Apple's AirPort, AirPort Extreme, and many third-party cards. It will scan for networks actively on any card supported by Mac OS X itself.

Cracking of WEP and WPA keys, both by brute force, and exploiting flaws, such as weak scheduling and badly generated keys is supported when a card capable of monitor mode is used, and when packet reinsertion can be done with a supported card. The GPS mapping can be performed when an NMEA compatible GPS receiver is attached. Data can also be saved in pcap format and loaded into programs, such as Wireshark.

ICANN stands for Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. ICANN is responsible for managing the assignment of domain names and IP addresses. ICANN's tasks include responsibility for IP address space allocation, protocol identifier assignment, top-level domain name system management, and root server system management functions. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a non-profit organization that oversees the allocation of IP addresses, management of the DNS infrastructure, protocol parameter assignment, and root server system management.

Answer option B is incorrect. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is an organization of engineers and electronics professionals who develop standards for hardware and software.

Answer option C is incorrect. The International Telecommunication Union is an agency of the United Nations which regulates information and communication technology issues. ITU coordinates the shared global use of the radio spectrum, promotes international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits, works to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world and establishes worldwide standards. ITU is active in areas including broadband Internet, latestgeneration wireless technologies, aeronautical and maritime navigation, radio astronomy, satellite-based meteorology, convergence in fixed-mobile phone, Internet access, data, voice, TV broadcasting, and next-generation networks. Answer option A is incorrect. ANSI (American National Standards Institute) is the primary organization for fostering the development of technology standards in the United States. ANSI works with industry groups and is the U.S. member of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Long-established computer standards from ANSI include the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) and the Small Computer System Interface (SCSI).

With the URG, PUSH, and FIN flag sets, the Xmas tree scan sends a TCP frame to a remote device. The Xmas tree scan is called an Xmas tree scan because the alternating bits are turned on and off in the flags byte (00101001), much like the lights of a Christmas tree. Answer option B is incorrect. The RST flag is not set when the Xmas tree scan sends a TCP frame to a remote device.

Network security is needed for the following reasons:

To protect private information on the Internet To protect information from unwanted editing, accidentally or intentionally by unauthorized users To protect information from loss and deliver it to its destination properly To prevent a user from sending a message to another user with the name of a third person