Nokia 4A0-205 Practice Test - Questions Answers

Scattering and absorption are the main reasons for fiber attenuation. Scattering occurs when light bounces off the sides of the fiber, while absorption happens when light is absorbed by the glass or other materials that make up the fiber. Chromatic dispersion (CD) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) are also factors that can cause attenuation, but they are not the main causes. Small channel spacing can also cause attenuation, but it is a secondary factor and is only significant in certain cases.

In optical fiber propagation context, the first, second, and third window refer to different wavelength intervals where the WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) optical transmission occurs.

The first window is the lowest loss window and is typically in the range of 1300-1324nm. This is the most commonly used window for long-haul communications.

The second window is the 1550 nm window and is the most widely used window for long-haul and ultra-long-haul communications. This window has a lower attenuation than the first window, but it also has more dispersion, which can limit the maximum transmission distance.

The third window is the range of 1625-1675 nm, it is also called the L-band window. This window has lower attenuation than the first and second window but its usage is limited due to the high cost of equipment and lack of commercial devices.

These windows are used in WDM systems to increase the capacity of the fiber by transmitting multiple channels of data at different wavelengths on the same fiber.

A,C,D are not correct as they are not related to the meaning of first, second, and third window in the optical fiber propagation context.

Reference:

Nokia Optical Networking Fundamentals, Nokia Press (ISBN:978-1-4822-8109-4)

https://www.nokia.com/networks/solutions/optical-networking/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing

The third window (1550 nm) is where the attenuation reaches its minimum peak. This is because the materials used in fiber optic cables have minimal absorption in this wavelength range. The first and second windows (850 nm and 1300 nm respectively) have higher attenuation due to the materials used in the fiber optic cables.

Different wavelengths propagate at different speeds within the same media and therefore different colors travel in the fiber with different speed. This phenomenon is known as chromatic dispersion and causes light to spread out as it travels through the fiber over distance, leading to signal attenuation and distortion. The fiber attenuation does not introduce inter-channel interference, but it can cause attenuation of the signal. Different channels have different bandwidths, but this does not affect CD performance.

In Raman amplification, a pump laser is used to excite the Raman-active molecules in the fiber, which then amplifies the signal light as it travels in the opposite direction. In the 1830 specific implementation, the pump laser is typically a high-power laser that is launched into the fiber in the opposite direction to the signal. The pump light interacts with the Raman-active molecules in the fiber, which then amplifies the signal light as it travels in the opposite direction.

This allows the Raman pump to provide a gain that increases with distance, which can be used to compensate for the loss of signal power as it travels through the fiber.

WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) allows transmission systems to transport multiple signals transparently, onto several wavelengths, all together over one single fiber. This allows for increased capacity, as many different signals can be transmitted at the same time and along the same fiber.

Other advantages include improved signal integrity and reduced signal attenuation.

An open eye pattern indicates that the signal is not affected by noise, and the received signal is of high quality. This is because an open eye pattern is the result of a signal that is aligned in time, and is not affected by noise or other distortions.

Reference:

"Optical Fiber Communications" by Gerd Keiser

"Fiber-Optic Communications Technology" by Djafar K. Mynbaev

"Optical Communications" by Gerd Keiser

FlexGrid is a flexible grid technology that allows for variable channel spacing and bandwidth allocation. It uses the same sets of boards as the traditional fixed grid systems and it does not require upgrading the old generation WDM systems.

Reference:

"Flexible Grid Optical Networks: From Concepts to Realizations" by Diomidis S. Michalopoulos and George K. Karagiannidis "Flexible Grid and Flexible Spectrum Optical Networks" by Diomidis S. Michalopoulos and George K.

Karagiannidis

"Flexible Grid Optical Networks" by Diomidis S. Michalopoulos and George K. Karagiannidis

A pre-amplifier is an optical amplifier that is used to boost the power of the received optical signal before it is detected by the receiver in an optical communication system. This is done to overcome the loss of power that occurs as the signal travels through the optical fiber and to ensure that the receiver can detect the signal. The pre-amplification stage is typically located close to the receiver in order to minimize the distance that the signal has to travel between the amplifier and the receiver, which helps to reduce the noise and distortion in the signal.