CompTIA PT0-002 Practice Test - Questions Answers, Page 3

PLCs are programmable logic controllers that execute logic operations on input signals from sensors and output signals to actuators. They are often connected to supervisory systems that provide human-machine interfaces and data acquisition functions. If both systems are connected to the company intranet, they are exposed to potential attacks from internal or external adversaries. A valid assumption is that controllers will not validate the origin of commands, meaning that an attacker can send malicious commands to manipulate or sabotage the industrial process. The other assumptions are not valid because they contradict the facts or common practices.

According to the CompTIA PenTest+ Study Guide, Exam PT0-0021, a statement of work (SOW) is a document that defines the scope, objectives, deliverables, and terms of a penetration testing project. It is a formal agreement between the service provider and the client that specifies what is expected from both parties, including the timeline, budget, resources, and responsibilities. A SOW is essential for any penetration testing engagement, as it helps to avoid misunderstandings, conflicts, and legal issues.

The CompTIA PenTest+ Study Guide also provides an example of a SOW template that covers the following sections1:

Project overview: A brief summary of the project's purpose, scope, objectives, and deliverables. Project scope: A detailed description of the target system, network, or application that will be tested, including the boundaries, exclusions, and assumptions.

Project objectives: A clear statement of the expected outcomes and benefits of the project, such as identifying vulnerabilities, improving security posture, or complying with regulations.

Project deliverables: A list of the tangible products or services that will be provided by the service provider to the client, such as reports, recommendations, or remediation plans.

Project timeline: A schedule of the project's milestones and deadlines, such as kickoff meeting, testing phase, reporting phase, or closure meeting.

Project budget: A breakdown of the project's costs and expenses, such as labor hours, travel expenses, tools, or licenses.

Project resources: A specification of the project's human and technical resources, such as team members, roles, responsibilities, skills, or equipment.

Project terms and conditions: A statement of the project's legal and contractual aspects, such as confidentiality, liability, warranty, or dispute resolution.

The CompTIA PenTest+ Study Guide also explains why having a SOW is important before starting an assessment1:

It establishes a clear and mutual understanding of the project's scope and expectations between the service provider and the client.

It provides a basis for measuring the project's progress and performance against the agreed-upon objectives and deliverables.

It protects both parties from potential risks or disputes that may arise during or after the project.

https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/certutilexe-could-allow-attackers-to-downloadmalware-while-bypassing-av/

--- https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/accesschk

The certutil command is a Windows utility that can be used to manipulate certificates and certificate authorities. However, it can also be abused by attackers to download files from remote servers using the -urlcache option. In this case, the command downloads accesschk64.exe from http://192.168.2.124/windows-binaries/ and saves it locally. Accesschk64.exe is a tool that can be used to check service permissions and identify potential privilege escalation vectors. The other commands are not relevant for this purpose. Powershell is a scripting language that can be used to perform various tasks, but in this case it uploads a file instead of downloading one. Schtasks is a command that can be used to create or query scheduled tasks, but it does not help with service permissions. Wget is a Linux command that can be used to download files from the web, but it does not work on Windows by default.

S/MIME stands for Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions and is a standard for encrypting and signing email messages. It uses public key cryptography to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of email communications. FTPS is a protocol for transferring files securely over SSL/TLS, but it is not used for emailing. DNSSEC is a protocol for securing DNS records, but it does not protect email content. AS2 is a protocol for exchanging business documents over HTTP/S, but it is not used for emailing.

Reference: https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/answer/What-are-the-most-important-emailsecurity-protocols

The key findings indicate that the network device is vulnerable to several attacks, such as sniffing, brute-forcing, or exploiting the SSH daemon. To prevent these attacks, the best recommendations are to create an out-of-band network for management, which means a separate network that is not accessible from the production network, and to implement a better method for authentication, such as SSH keys or certificates. The other options are not as effective or relevant.

The ping -A command sends an ICMP echo request with a specified TTL value and displays the response. The TTL value indicates how many hops the packet can traverse before being discarded.

Different OSs have different default TTL values for their packets. Windows uses 128, Apple uses 64, Linux uses 64 or 255, and Android uses 64. Therefore, a packet with a TTL of 128 is most likely from a Windows OS.

Reference: https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/how-to-identify-basic-internet-problems-withping/

since vlan hopping requires 2 vlans to be nested in a single packet. Double tagging occurs when an attacker adds and modifies tags on an Ethernet frame to allow the sending of packets through any VLAN. This attack takes advantage of how many switches process tags. Most switches will only remove the outer tag and forward the frame to all native VLAN ports. With that said, this exploit is only successful if the attacker belongs to the native VLAN of the trunk link.

https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/security-essentials/vlan-hopping-and-mitigation

Tag nesting is a technique that involves inserting two VLAN tags into an Ethernet frame to bypass VLAN hopping prevention mechanisms. The first tag is stripped by the first switch, and the second tag is processed by the second switch, allowing the frame to reach a different VLAN than intended. RFID cloning is a technique that involves copying the data from an RFID tag to another tag or device. RFID tagging is a technique that involves attaching an RFID tag to an object or person for identification or tracking purposes. Meta tagging is a technique that involves adding metadata to web pages or files for search engine optimization or classification purposes.

WPScan is a tool that can be used to scan WordPress sites for vulnerabilities, such as outdated plugins, themes, or core files, misconfigured settings, weak passwords, or user enumeration. The curl command reveals that the site is running WordPress and has a readme.html file that may disclose the version number. Therefore, WPScan would be the best tool to use to explore this site further. Burp Suite is a tool that can be used to intercept and modify web requests and responses, but it does not specialize in WordPress scanning. DirBuster is a tool that can be used to brute-force directories and files on web servers, but it does not exploit WordPress vulnerabilities. OWASP ZAP is a tool that can be used to perform web application security testing, but it does not focus on WordPress scanning.

Reference: https://tools.kali.org/web-applications/burpsuite

The script will perform a port scan on the target IP address, looking for open ports on a list of common ports. A port scan is a technique that probes a network or a system for open ports, which can reveal potential vulnerabilities or services running on the host.