Amazon MLS-C01 Practice Test - Questions Answers, Page 22

The simplest and fastest way to use the EFS dataset for SageMaker training is to run a SageMaker training job with an EFS file system as the data source. This option does not require any data copying or additional integration steps. SageMaker supports EFS as a data source for training jobs, and it can mount the EFS file system to the training container using the FileSystemConfig parameter. This way, the training script can access the data files as if they were on the local disk of the training instance.References:

Access Training Data - Amazon SageMaker

Mount an EFS file system to an Amazon SageMaker notebook (with lifecycle configurations) | AWS Machine Learning Blog

The best way to visualize the model's degradation is to create a histogram of the model errors over the last 3 weeks and compare it with a histogram of the model errors from before that period. A histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data. It shows how often each value or range of values occurs in the data. A model error is the difference between the actual value and the predicted value. A high model error indicates a poor fit of the model to the data. By comparing the histograms of the model errors, the ML team can see if there is a significant change in the shape, spread, or center of the distribution. This can indicate if the model is underfitting, overfitting, or drifting from the data. A line chart or a scatter plot would not be as effective as a histogram for this purpose, because they do not show the distribution of the errors. A line chart would only show the trend of the errors over time, which may not capture the variability or outliers. A scatter plot would only show the relationship between the errors and another variable, such as daily sales, which may not be relevant or informative for the model's performance.References:

Histogram - Wikipedia

Model error - Wikipedia

SageMaker Model Monitor - visualizing monitoring results

The XGBoost model is a supervised machine learning algorithm, which means it requires labeled data to learn from. The customers' current segmentation is unknown, so there is no label to train the XGBoost model on. Moreover, the XGBoost model is designed for classification or regression tasks, not for clustering. Clustering is a type of unsupervised machine learning, which means it does not require labeled data. Clustering algorithms try to find natural groups or clusters in the data based on their similarity or distance. A common clustering algorithm is k-means, which partitions the data into K clusters, where each data point belongs to the cluster with the nearest mean. To meet the current requirements, the data scientist should train a k-means model with K = 5 on the same dataset to predict a segment for each customer. This way, the data scientist can identify five customer segments based on age, income, and location, without needing any labels.References:

What is XGBoost? - Amazon SageMaker

What is Clustering? - Amazon SageMaker

K-Means Algorithm - Amazon SageMaker

The question is about improving the testing accuracy of a gradient boosting regression model. The testing accuracy is much lower than the training accuracy, which indicates that the model is overfitting the training data. To reduce overfitting, the following steps are recommended:

Use a one-hot encoder for the categorical fields in the dataset. This will create binary features for each category and avoid imposing an ordinal relationship among them. This can help the model learn the patterns better and generalize to unseen data.

Perform standardization on the financial fields in the dataset. This will scale the features to have zero mean and unit variance, which can improve the convergence and performance of the model. This can also help the model handle features with different units and ranges.

Apply L1 regularization to the data. This will add a penalty term to the loss function that is proportional to the absolute value of the coefficients. This can help the model reduce the complexity and select the most relevant features by shrinking the coefficients of less important features to zero.

References:

1: AWS Machine Learning Specialty Exam Guide

2: AWS Machine Learning Specialty Course

3: AWS Machine Learning Blog

To capture word context and sequential QA information, the embedding vectors need to consider both the order and the meaning of the words in the text.

Option B, Amazon SageMaker BlazingText algorithm in Skip-gram mode, is a valid option because it can learn word embeddings that capture the semantic similarity and syntactic relations between words based on their co-occurrence in a window of words.Skip-gram mode can also handle rare words better than continuous bag-of-words (CBOW) mode1.

Option E, combination of the Amazon SageMaker BlazingText algorithm in Batch Skip-gram mode with a custom recurrent neural network (RNN), is another valid option because it can leverage the advantages of Skip-gram mode and also use an RNN to model the sequential nature of the text.An RNN can capture the temporal dependencies and long-term dependencies between words, which are important for QA tasks2.

Option A, Amazon SageMaker seq2seq algorithm, is not a valid option because it is designed for sequence-to-sequence tasks such as machine translation, summarization, or chatbots.It does not produce embedding vectors for text series, but rather generates an output sequence given an input sequence3.

Option C, Amazon SageMaker Object2Vec algorithm, is not a valid option because it is designed for learning embeddings for pairs of objects, such as text-image, text-text, or image-image.It does not produce embedding vectors for text series, but rather learns a similarity function between pairs of objects4.

Option D, Amazon SageMaker BlazingText algorithm in continuous bag-of-words (CBOW) mode, is not a valid option because it does not capture word context as well as Skip-gram mode. CBOW mode predicts a word given its surrounding words, while Skip-gram mode predicts the surrounding words given a word.CBOW mode is faster and more suitable for frequent words, but Skip-gram mode can learn more meaningful embeddings for rare words1.

References:

1: Amazon SageMaker BlazingText

2: Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs)

3: Amazon SageMaker Seq2Seq

4: Amazon SageMaker Object2Vec

The F1 score is a measure of the harmonic mean of precision and recall, which are both important for fraud detection. Precision is the ratio of true positives to all predicted positives, and recall is the ratio of true positives to all actual positives. A high F1 score indicates that the classifier can correctly identify fraudulent transactions and avoid false negatives. The true positive rate is another name for recall, and it measures the proportion of fraudulent transactions that are correctly detected by the classifier. A high true positive rate means that the classifier can capture as many fraudulent transactions as possible.

References:

Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning | Implementations | AWS Solutions

Detect fraudulent transactions using machine learning with Amazon SageMaker | AWS Machine Learning Blog

1. Introduction --- Reproducible Machine Learning for Credit Card Fraud Detection

The solution that will meet the requirements with the least development time is to use Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose to stream the reservation data directly to Amazon S3, detect high-demand outliers by using Amazon QuickSight ML Insights, and visualize the data in QuickSight. This solution does not require any custom development or ML domain expertise, as it leverages the built-in features of QuickSight ML Insights to automatically run anomaly detection and generate insights on the streaming data. QuickSight ML Insights can also create a visualization dashboard that automatically refreshes with the most recent data, and allows the data scientist to explore the outliers and their key drivers.References:

1: Simplify and automate anomaly detection in streaming data with Amazon Lookout for Metrics | AWS Machine Learning Blog

2: Detecting outliers with ML-powered anomaly detection - Amazon QuickSight

3: Real-time Outlier Detection Over Streaming Data - IEEE Xplore

4: Towards a deep learning-based outlier detection ... - Journal of Big Data

The solution that will meet the requirements with the least amount of customization to transform and store the ingested data is to use Amazon Kinesis Data Analytics to read and aggregate the data hourly, transform the data and store it in Amazon S3 by using Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose. This solution leverages the built-in features of Kinesis Data Analytics to perform SQL queries on streaming data and generate hourly summaries. Kinesis Data Analytics can also output the transformed data to Kinesis Data Firehose, which can then deliver the data to S3 in a specified format and partitioning scheme. This solution does not require any custom code or additional infrastructure to process the data. The other solutions either require more customization (such as using Lambda or EMR) or do not meet the requirement of aggregating the data hourly (such as using Lambda to read the data from Kinesis Data Streams).References:

1: Boosting Resiliency with an ML-based Telemetry Analytics Architecture | AWS Architecture Blog

2: AWS Cloud Data Ingestion Patterns and Practices

3: IoT ingestion and Machine Learning analytics pipeline with AWS IoT ...

4: AWS IoT Data Ingestion Simplified 101: The Complete Guide - Hevo Data

The combination of actions that will meet the requirements with the least operational overhead is to use SageMaker Clarify to automatically detect data bias and to configure SageMaker Data Wrangler to generate a bias report. SageMaker Clarify is a feature of Amazon SageMaker that provides machine learning (ML) developers with tools to gain greater insights into their ML training data and models. SageMaker Clarify can detect potential bias during data preparation, after model training, and in your deployed model.For instance, you can check for bias related to age in your dataset or in your trained model and receive a detailed report that quantifies different types of potential bias1. SageMaker Data Wrangler is another feature of Amazon SageMaker that enables you to prepare data for machine learning (ML) quickly and easily. You can use SageMaker Data Wrangler to identify potential bias during data preparation without having to write your own code. You specify input features, such as gender or age, and SageMaker Data Wrangler runs an analysis job to detect potential bias in those features.SageMaker Data Wrangler then provides a visual report with a description of the metrics and measurements of potential bias so that you can identify steps to remediate the bias2. The other actions either require more customization (such as using SageMaker Model Monitor or SageMaker Experiments) or do not meet the requirement of detecting data bias (such as using SageMaker Ground Truth).References:

1: Bias Detection and Model Explainability -- Amazon Web Services

2: Amazon SageMaker Data Wrangler -- Amazon Web Services