GAQM CITM-001 Practice Test - Questions Answers, Page 4

evelopment, testing, installation, and maintenance12The installation stage is the sixth and final stage of the SDLC, where the system is deployed to the target environment and made available to the end users. This stage involves activities such as hardware and software installation, configuration, data migration, user training, and documentation.The installation stage ensures that the system is functional, secure, and meets the user expectations34Reference:1: Systems development life cycle - Wikipedia2: System Design Life Cycle | SDLC (Design) - GeeksforGeeks3: System Design Life Cycle | SDLC (Design)4: System Development Life Cycle - GeeksforGeeks

Conversion is the process of changing the existing system to the new system. It involves transferring data, installing hardware and software, training users, and decommissioning the old system.Conversion is the ninth step in the Systems Design Life Cycle, according to the CITM study guide1Reference:1CITM Study Guide, Chapter 4: System Development Life Cycle, page 4-14.

The spiral model is a software development lifecycle model that extends the waterfall approach by recognizing the different cycles of planning, risk analysis, engineering, and evaluation. The spiral model allows for iterative and incremental development, where each cycle produces a prototype or a deliverable that can be evaluated by the customer and the project team. The spiral model also incorporates risk management throughout the project, as each cycle involves identifying and resolving potential risks before proceeding to the next cycle. The spiral model is suitable for large, complex, and uncertain projects that require frequent feedback and adaptation.Reference:

Spiral Model vs. Waterfall Model: Definitions and Differences

Waterfall Methodology: The Ultimate Guide to the Waterfall Model

According to the CITM course outline1, there are five data collection techniques that are commonly used in business analytics. They are:

Observations: This technique involves watching and recording the behavior, actions, or events of interest. Observations can be either direct or indirect, structured or unstructured, participant or non-participant.

Interviews: This technique involves asking questions to individuals or groups of people who have relevant knowledge or experience on the topic. Interviews can be either structured, semi-structured, or unstructured, depending on the level of flexibility and standardization of the questions.

Surveys: This technique involves administering a set of questions to a sample of respondents who represent the population of interest. Surveys can be either quantitative or qualitative, depending on the type and scale of the questions.

Focus groups: This technique involves gathering a small group of people who share some common characteristics or opinions on the topic and facilitating a discussion among them. Focus groups can be used to explore attitudes, perceptions, feelings, or preferences of the participants.

Documents: This technique involves reviewing and analyzing existing documents or records that are relevant to the topic. Documents can be either primary or secondary, depending on the source and authenticity of the information.

1: 7 Data Collection Methods and Techniques | SafetyCulture

2: CITM 500 Data and Information Management | The Chang School of Continuing Education - Toronto Metropolitan University

3: Data Collection Methods | Step-by-Step Guide & Examples - Scribbr

4: Data Collection - Methods Types and Examples - Research Method

Interviews are a user-oriented design technique that allows the systems analyst to spend a great deal of time with the users, understanding their needs, preferences, expectations, and problems. Interviews can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured, depending on the level of flexibility and depth required. Interviews can provide rich and detailed insights into the users' context, goals, tasks, and pain points, as well as their feedback and suggestions for improvement. Interviews can also help to establish rapport and trust between the systems analyst and the users, which can facilitate the design process and user acceptance.Reference:User-Centered Design Basics | Usability.gov,User-centered design: Definition, examples, and tips

In object-oriented approach, a program is composed of classes and objects that interact with each other through messages. A class is a blueprint that defines the attributes and behaviors of a group of similar objects. An object is an instance of a class that has its own state and can perform actions defined by the class. Objects can be related to each other through different types of relationships, such as inheritance, association, aggregation, and composition. Object-oriented approach aims to model the real-world entities and problems in terms of objects and their interactions, making the program more modular, reusable, and maintainable.Reference:Object Oriented Approach - Online Tutorials Library,What is object-oriented programming? OOP explained in depth - Educative,Object-oriented programming - Wikipedia

The Structured Approach is a methodology that is based on the notation of functions; programs consist of modules to meet functional requirements. The Structured Approach focuses on the processes involved in a software system, modeling them as a series of connected steps. It follows a top-down approach, breaking down complex systems into smaller, simpler parts that can be more easily understood. It also focuses on the data that a software system manipulates, modeling it as data flows between processes.It emphasizes the functional decomposition of a software system into smaller, independent functions12.Reference:1: Difference between Structured and Object-Oriented Analysis12: Traditional vs.Object-Oriented Approaches: Object-Oriented Approach: Analysis2

Object-oriented analysis (OOA) is the first technical activity performed as part of object-oriented software engineering. OOA involves modeling the problem domain using objects and their interactions.According to the CITM study guide, there are five steps involved to undertake an object-oriented analysis1:

Find and define the objects

Organize the objects

Describe how the objects interact with one another

Define the external behavior of the objects

Define the internal behavior of the objectsReference:1: CITM Study Guide, Chapter 4: Object-Oriented Analysis and Design, Page 63-64.

Step three (3) in undertaking of object-oriented analysis does not define the methods, but rather identifies the states of each object and the events that affect them. Methods are defined in step four (4), which is the object-oriented design phase. Methods are the operations or functions that an object can perform to achieve its objectives or respond to events.Reference:Object-Oriented Analysis and Design | OOAD - GeeksforGeeks,Steps to Analyze and Design Object Oriented System - GeeksforGeeks,OOAD - Object Oriented Analysis - Online Tutorials Library