ISTQB CTFL-2018 Practice Test - Questions Answers, Page 32

According to the syllabus, traceability between the test basis and test work products is the ability to link each element of the test basis to the various test work products associated with that element, such as test conditions, test cases, test procedures, and test results. Traceability between the test basis and test work products has several benefits, such as evaluating the extent of test coverage, analyzing the impact of changes, making testing auditable, meeting IT governance criteria, improving the understandability of test reports, and providing information to assess product quality, process capability, and project progress. The answer B is incorrect because it is not a benefit of traceability between the test basis and test work products. It obscures the impact of changes. On the contrary, traceability helps to reveal the impact of changes by showing which elements of the test basis are affected by a change and which test work products need to be updated or executed accordingly. The other answers are correct because they are examples of benefits of traceability between the test basis and test work products.

According to the syllabus, a tester's ability to communicate about defects, test results, and other test information well is an important skill that contributes to testing effectiveness and efficiency. A tester should be able to communicate clearly, accurately, objectively, constructively, politely, and persuasively with various stakeholders involved in testing or affected by testing outcomes. A tester should also be able to use appropriate communication methods and tools depending on the context and purpose of communication. The answer A is correct because it is an example of a tester's ability to communicate about defects, test results, and other test information well. Emphasizing the benefits of testing means highlighting how testing adds value to the software product and the business goals. This can help to gain support and trust from stakeholders and foster a positive attitude towards testing. The other answers are incorrect because they are examples of poor communication skills that can hinder testing effectiveness and efficiency. Taking a command-and-control approach with the project team (B) means imposing one's own decisions or opinions without considering others' inputs or feedback. This can create conflicts and resentment among team members and reduce collaboration and cooperation. Being firm and assertive with test findings and information means insisting on one's own views or demands without being flexible or open-minded. This can lead to arguments and disagreements with stakeholders who may have different perspectives or expectations. Writing subjective defect reports and review findings (D) means using personal, biased, or unobservable information that does not support the evaluation or analysis of defects or tests. This can cause confusion and misunderstanding among stakeholders who may not be able to reproduce or verify the defects or tests.

According to the syllabus, a mindset is a set of attitudes, beliefs, and assumptions that influence how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. A mindset for test activities and a mindset for development activities are different and complementary, as they reflect different goals and perspectives of testing and development. A tester is concerned with finding defects while a developer is interested in designing solutions. This statement best describes the key difference between a mindset for test activities and a mindset for development activities. A tester's mindset is focused on identifying and reporting problems in the software product or system, such as errors, failures, or deviations from requirements or expectations. A tester's mindset is also characterized by professional skepticism, curiosity, creativity, and critical thinking. A developer's mindset is focused on creating and implementing solutions for the software product or system, such as features, functions, or enhancements. A developer's mindset is also characterized by professional optimism, confidence, logic, and analytical thinking. The other answers are incorrect because they either confuse the roles of testers and developers or use incorrect terms.

According to the syllabus, a software development life cycle (SDLC) model is a conceptual framework that describes the phases and activities involved in developing a software product. Different SDLC models have different advantages and disadvantages depending on the project context and objectives. The principle of early testing states that testing activities should start as early as possible in the software development life cycle and be focused on defined objectives. Early testing helps to prevent defects, reduce rework, lower costs, and improve quality. The answer A is correct because it best exemplifies a model that does not support the principle of early testing. The waterfall model is a sequential SDLC model that divides the development process into distinct phases, such as requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. Each phase must be completed before the next phase can begin, and there is no overlap or iteration between phases. Testing is done only after the implementation phase, which means that defects are detected late in the development cycle and are more expensive and difficult to fix. The other answers are incorrect because they exemplify models that support the principle of early testing. The V-model is an extension of the waterfall model that emphasizes verification and validation activities at each phase of development. Testing is done in parallel with each corresponding development phase, which means that defects are detected early and feedback is provided to the developers. The incremental development model is an iterative SDLC model that divides the development process into smaller increments or iterations, each delivering a working software product or a subset of features. Testing is done at the end of each iteration, which means that defects are detected early and feedback is provided to the developers. The iterative development model is another iterative SDLC model that repeats the development process for each iteration, with each iteration producing an improved version of the software product or a subset of features. Testing is done throughout each iteration, which means that defects are detected early and feedback is provided to the developers.

According to the syllabus, the choice of a particular type of software development life cycle (SDLC) model depends on various factors, such as project size, complexity, scope, budget, schedule, quality requirements, risk level, customer involvement, etc. The type of product being developed is one of the most important factors that influences the selection of an SDLC model, as different products may have different characteristics, expectations, and challenges that require different approaches to development. For example, a product that has well-defined and stable requirements may benefit from a sequential SDLC model like waterfall or V-model, while a product that has vague or changing requirements may benefit from an iterative SDLC model like incremental or agile. The answer D is correct because it best reflects the reason for selecting a particular type of SDLC model. The other answers are incorrect because they are not good reasons for selecting a particular type of SDLC model. Tester skill level with the SDLC model (A) may affect the effectiveness and efficiency of testing activities, but it should not be the primary factor for choosing an SDLC model. Testers should be able to adapt to different SDLC models depending on the project context and objectives. The project manager's preference (B) may reflect their personal experience or opinion, but it should not be the sole factor for choosing an SDLC model. The project manager should consider various factors and consult with other stakeholders before selecting an SDLC model. The project team's overall familiarity with the model may affect the productivity and collaboration of the team members, but it should not be the main factor for choosing an SDLC model. The project team should be able to learn and apply different SDLC models depending on the project context and objectives.

According to the syllabus, non-functional testing is a type of software testing that verifies non-functional aspects or attributes of a software product or system, such as performance, usability, reliability, security, etc. Non-functional testing evaluates how well a system operates or behaves under certain conditions or scenarios, rather than what functions or features it provides. The answer D is correct because it best exemplifies non-functional testing. Tests which capture the time it takes to save a file are examples of performance testing, which is a type of non-functional testing that measures how fast or responsive a system is under various workloads or situations. The other answers are incorrect because they exemplify functional testing or structural testing, which are not types of non-functional testing. Tests based on the internal structure of a component or system (A) are examples of structural testing, which is a type of software testing that verifies the implementation or code of a software product or system. Tests related to 'what' the system should do (B) are examples of functional testing, which is a type of software testing that verifies the functionality or behavior of a software product or system. Tests which calculate overtime pay for those employees entitled to such are also examples of functional testing, as they verify a specific function or feature of a software product or system.

According to the syllabus, regression testing is a type of software testing that verifies that previously developed and tested software still performs as expected after a change. A change can be any modification in the software product or system, such as bug fixes, enhancements, configuration changes, etc. Regression testing helps to ensure that the change does not introduce new defects or affect existing functionality. Confirmation testing is a type of software testing that verifies that a specific defect has been fixed after a change. Confirmation testing is also known as re-testing. Confirmation testing helps to ensure that the change has resolved the defect and does not introduce new defects. The answer C is correct because it best matches the type of testing with the testing scenario. Testing to ensure the application of a new version of the operating system does not have any unintended side-effects on the system (1) is an example of regression testing, as it verifies that the change in the operating system does not affect the functionality of the system. Testing due to the application of a security patch (2) is also an example of regression testing, as it verifies that the change in the security patch does not affect the functionality of the system. Testing due to the application of a new version of the database management system (3) is another example of regression testing, as it verifies that the change in the database management system does not affect the functionality of the system. Testing to ensure the fix to the payroll system truly works (4) is an example of confirmation testing, as it verifies that the change in the payroll system has fixed a specific defect. The other answers are incorrect because they do not match the type of testing with the testing scenario correctly.

Maintenance testing is triggered by changes, such as migration, retirement, or enhancement of a system1. Therefore, option A is the best example of a trigger for maintenance testing.Options B, C, and D are examples of triggers for development testing, not maintenance testing1.

Reference:1, Section 2.3.2

Static testing can prevent defects later in design and coding by uncovering issues in requirements1.This is the best statement of the value of static testing, as it can save time and money by finding defects early in the development process1.Option B is incorrect, as static testing is most effective when performed before dynamic testing1.Option C is incorrect, as static testing can detect different types of defects than those found by dynamic testing, such as inconsistencies, ambiguities, omissions, and incompleteness1.Option D is incorrect, as static testing can improve team member communication by facilitating reviews and inspections1.

Reference:1, Section 3.1