ISTQB CTFL-2018 Practice Test - Questions Answers, Page 33

The correct roles and responsibilities in a formal review are as follows1:

Review Leader - Plans and leads the review process

Scribe - Documents all issues raised during the review meeting

Author - Creates the work product under review

Facilitator - Supports the review leader in conducting the review process

Reviewers - Identify potential defects in the work product under review

Therefore, option B is the correct answer, as it correctly matches the role of scribe with the responsibility of collating potential defects found during the individual review activity.Options A, C, and D are incorrect, as they do not match the roles and responsibilities correctly.

Reference:1, Section 3.2.3

The correct matching of the review types with the review characteristics is as follows:

Pair review: Informal (2)

Walkthrough: Purpose includes gaining consensus (3)

Technical review: Purposes include improving the software product and training the review participants (4)

Inspection: Formal (1)

Therefore, option C is the correct answer. Options A, B, and D are incorrect, as they do not match the review types with the review characteristics correctly.

This scenario is using a walkthrough review type and a perspective-based review technique. A walkthrough is a type of review that is relatively informal and led by the author of the work product. A perspective-based review technique is a technique that involves reviewing the work product from different viewpoints or perspectives of various stakeholders. The scenario matches these descriptions, as it involves an informal approach, a meeting leader who is the author of the requirements document, and a goal of improving the software application's usability and accessibility by considering the various stakeholders' viewpoints. Option A is incorrect, as a pair review is a type of review that involves only two people, usually the author and another team member. Option C is incorrect, as a checklist-based review technique is a technique that involves reviewing the work product against a predefined list of items or criteria. Option D is incorrect, as it combines the incorrect descriptions of options A and C.

Statement coverage is a white-box test technique which focuses on the percentage of executable statements that has been executed by a test suite. This is the best description of statement coverage, as it measures how many statements in the source code have been covered by one or more test cases. Option A is incorrect, as it describes state transition testing, which is a black-box test technique that uses a state table to derive test cases. Option B is incorrect, as it describes error guessing, which is an experience-based test technique in which test cases are based on the tester's knowledge of past failures. Option D is incorrect, as it describes decision coverage, which is a white-box test technique that covers the decision results which determine the next statement to be executed.

The correct matching of the descriptions with the different categories of test techniques is as follows:

Black-box test techniques: Test cases are based on the test basis which may include the requirements, use cases and user stories (1), Test cases can show deviations from the requirements (3), These test techniques are applicable to both functional and non-functional testing (4)

White-box test techniques: Test cases are based on the test basis which may include the software architecture or code (2)

Experience-based test techniques: Tests are based on knowledge of developers, users and other stakeholders (5)

Therefore, option D is the correct answer. Options A, B, and C are incorrect, as they do not match the descriptions with the different categories of test techniques correctly.

The correct answer is B, as it achieves the highest equivalence partition coverage.Equivalence partitioning is a black-box test technique that divides the input domain into partitions of equivalent data from which test cases can be derived1. In this case, the input domain is the numerical grades, and the partitions are the ranges of grades that correspond to different letter grades. Option B covers all five partitions, as it includes test inputs from each range. Option A covers only four partitions, as it does not include any test input from the range above 89. Option C covers only three partitions, as it does not include any test input from the ranges above 79 and below 60.Option D covers only two partitions, as it does not include any test input from the ranges below 79.

Reference:1, Section 4.2.3

The correct answer is C, as three additional test cases are needed to ensure full coverage of all valid input equivalence partitions.Equivalence partitioning is a black-box test technique that divides the input domain into partitions of equivalent data from which test cases can be derived1. In this case, the input domain is the combination of the number of consecutive hours studied and the average intensity of focus on the material during the study time. The partitions are the possible combinations of these two factors. There are four possible values for the number of hours studied (below 4 hours, 4 to 8 hours, 9 to 12 hours or above 12 hours) and three possible values for the intensity of focus (low, medium or high). Therefore, there are 12 possible partitions in total. The given test cases cover nine partitions, as shown in the table below:

The missing partitions are marked with a dash (-). To cover these partitions, three additional test cases are needed, such as:

TC9: Hours = 4 to 8, Intensity = High

TC10: Hours = 9 to 12, Intensity = Low

TC11: Hours = 9 to 12, Intensity = High

The correct answer is A, as it provides the highest level of boundary coverage using two-point boundary value analysis.Boundary value analysis is a black-box test technique that focuses on the boundaries of input and output partitions1.Two-point boundary value analysis is a variation of boundary value analysis that uses only two values for each boundary: one just below the boundary and one just above the boundary1. In this case, the boundaries are the balance ranges that correspond to different interest rates. Option A covers all four boundaries using two values for each boundary: $100.00 and $100.01 for the first boundary, $500.00 and $500.01 for the second boundary, $1,000.00 and $1,000.01 for the third boundary, and $5.00 as an invalid value below the lowest boundary. Option B covers only three boundaries using one value for each boundary: $100.00 for the first boundary, $500.00 for the second boundary, and $1,000.00 and $1,000.01 for the third boundary. Option C covers only two boundaries using three values for each boundary: $100.00, $100.01, and $100.02 for the first boundary, and $500.00 and $999.99 for the second boundary.Option D covers only two boundaries using one value for each boundary: $100.00 for the first boundary, and $1,000.01 for the third boundary, and $5.00 as an invalid value below the lowest boundary.

Reference:1, Section 4.2.3

The correct answer is D, as DT1 and DT4 would achieve full coverage of the full decision table when combined with the test cases that have already been generated for rules 1 and 4.Decision table testing is a black-box test technique that uses a table to show combinations of inputs and their associated outputs1. In this case, the inputs are the account type, the amount entered, and the expected result. The outputs are the actions taken by the ATM system. The decision table has eight rules, each corresponding to a possible combination of inputs and outputs. The test cases that have already been generated for rules 1 and 4 are:

TC1: Account = Checking, Amount = $600, Expected Result = Process the transaction

TC4: Account = Savings, Amount = Not entered, Expected Result = Generate an error message

The additional test cases are:

DT1: Account = Checking, Amount = Not entered, Expected Result = Generate an error message

DT2: Account = Savings, Amount = $100, Expected Result = Process the transaction

DT3: Account = Checking, Amount = $100, Expected Result = Process the transaction

DT4: Account = Savings, Amount = $600, Expected Result = Generate an error message

To achieve full coverage of the full decision table, two more test cases are needed that cover the remaining six rules. DT1 and DT4 cover these rules, as shown in the table below:

Therefore, option D is the correct answer.Options A, B, and C are incorrect, as they do not cover all the rules in the decision table.

Reference:1, Section 4.2.5