CompTIA CAS-004 Practice Test - Questions Answers, Page 26

Modifying the ACLs (access control lists) is the most likely solution to avoid the intermittent access issues with the new cloud application. ACLs are used to define permissions for different users and groups to access resources on a network. The problem may be caused by incorrect or missing ACLs for the marketing department that prevent them from accessing the cloud application or its data sources. The other options are either irrelevant or less effective for the given scenario.

E-discovery is the process of searching and collecting evidence during an investigation or lawsuit. E-discovery involves identifying, preserving, processing, reviewing, analyzing, and producing electronically stored information (ESI) that is relevant for a legal case or investigation. E-discovery can be used to find evidence in email, business communications, social media, online documents, databases, and other digital sources.The other options are either irrelevant or less effective for the given scenario

Aligning the impact subscore requirements to the predetermined system categorization can help the analyst get a better picture of the risk while adhering to the organization's policy. The impact subscore is one of the components of the CVSS base score, which reflects the severity of a vulnerability. The impact subscore is calculated based on three metrics: confidentiality, integrity, and availability. These metrics can be adjusted according to the system categorization, which defines the security objectives and requirements for a system based on its potential impact on an organization's operations and assets. By aligning the impact subscore requirements to the system categorization, the analyst can ensure that the CVSS scores reflect the true impact of a vulnerability on a specific system and prioritize remediation accordingly.

Shredding is the most secure way to dispose of the SSDs given the CISO's concern. Shredding involves physically destroying the SSDs by cutting them into small pieces that make the data unrecoverable. Shredding is the ultimate data destruction method for both HDDs and SSDs, as it ensures that no data remanence is left on the media.

Code Snippet 1

Vulnerability 1:SQL injection

SQL injection is a type of attack that exploits a vulnerability in the code that interacts with a database. An attacker can inject malicious SQL commands into the input fields, such as username or password, and execute them on the database server. This can result in data theft, data corruption, or unauthorized access.

Fix 1:Perform input sanitization of the userid field.

Input sanitization is a technique that prevents SQL injection by validating and filtering the user input values before passing them to the database. The input sanitization should remove any special characters, such as quotes, semicolons, or dashes, that can alter the intended SQL query. Alternatively, the input sanitization can use a whitelist of allowed values and reject any other values.

Code Snippet 2

Vulnerability 2:Cross-site request forgery

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) is a type of attack that exploits a vulnerability in the code that handles web requests. An attacker can trick a user into sending a malicious web request to a server that performs an action on behalf of the user, such as changing their password, transferring funds, or deleting data. This can result in unauthorized actions, data loss, or account compromise.

Fix 2:Implement anti-forgery tokens.

Anti-forgery tokens are techniques that prevent CSRF by adding a unique and secret value to each web request that is generated by the server and verified by the server before performing the action. The anti-forgery token should be different for each user and each session, and should not be predictable or reusable by an attacker. This way, only legitimate web requests from the user's browser can be accepted by the server.

Detonating the malware in a sandbox is the best way to analyze its behavior and determine whether the existing endpoint controls are effective. A sandbox is an isolated environment that mimics a real system but prevents any malicious actions from affecting the actual system. By detonating the malware in a sandbox, the analyst can observe how it interacts with the system, what files it creates or modifies, what network connections it establishes, and what indicators of compromise it exhibits. This can help the analyst identify the malware's capabilities, objectives, and weaknesses. A sandbox can also help the analyst compare different malware samples and determine if they are related or part of the same campaign.

Cipher feedback (CFB) is a mode of operation for block ciphers that allows them to encrypt streaming data. CFB uses an initialization vector (IV) and a block cipher to generate a keystream that is XORed with the plaintext to produce the ciphertext. CFB has low latency because it can encrypt each byte or bit of plaintext as soon as it arrives, without waiting for a full block. CFB is suitable for streaming data because it does not require padding or block synchronization.

B. Cipher block chaining message authentication code (CBC-MAC) is a mode of operation for blockciphers that provides both encryption and authentication. CBC-MAC uses an IV and a block cipher toencrypt the plaintext and generate a MAC value that is appended to the ciphertext. CBC-MAC hashigh latency because it requires the entire message to be processed before generating the MACvalue. CBC-MAC is not suitable for streaming data because it requires padding and blocksynchronization.C. Cipher block chaining (CBC) is a mode of operation for block ciphers that provides encryption only.CBC uses an IV and a block cipher to encrypt each block of plaintext by XORing it with the previousciphertext block. CBC has high latency because it requires a full block of plaintext before encryption.CBC is not suitable for streaming data because it requires padding and block synchronization.D. Electronic codebook (ECB) is a mode of operation for block ciphers that provides encryption only.ECB uses a block cipher to encrypt each block of plaintext independently. ECB has low latencybecause it can encrypt each block of plaintext as soon as it arrives. However, ECB is not suitable forstreaming data because it requires padding and block synchronization. Moreover, ECB is insecurebecause it does not use an IV and produces identical ciphertext blocks for identical plaintext blocks.

B) Fixing the PHP code is not a way to resolve or mitigate the Heartbleed vulnerability, because the vulnerability is not in the PHP code, but in the OpenSSL library that handles the SSL/TLS encryption for the web server.

C) Changing the web server from HTTPS to HTTP is not a way to resolve or mitigate the Heartbleed vulnerability, because it would expose all the web traffic to eavesdropping and tampering by attackers. HTTPS provides confidentiality, integrity, and authentication for web communications, and should not be disabled for security reasons.

D) Using SSLv3 is not a way to resolve or mitigate the Heartbleed vulnerability, because SSLv3 is an outdated and insecure protocol that has been deprecated and replaced by TLS. SSLv3 does not support modern cipher suites, encryption algorithms, or security features, and is vulnerable to various attacks, such as POODLE.

E) Changing the code from PHP to ColdFusion is not a way to resolve or mitigate the Heartbleed vulnerability, because the vulnerability is not related to the programming language of the web application, but to the OpenSSL library that handles the SSL/TLS encryption for the web server. https://owasp.org/www-community/vulnerabilities/Heartbleed_Bug https://heartbleed.com/

Deploying a web application firewall (WAF) signature is a way to detect and block attempts to exploit the Heartbleed vulnerability on the web server. A WAF signature is a pattern that matches a known attack vector, such as a malicious heartbeat request. By deploying a WAF signature, the company can protect its web application from Heartbleed attacks until the underlying vulnerability is fixed.

Updating the OpenSSL library is the ultimate way to fix and mitigate the Heartbleed vulnerability. The OpenSSL project released version 1.0.1g on April 7, 2014, which patched the bug by adding a bounds check to the heartbeat function. By updating the OpenSSL library on the web server, the company can eliminate the vulnerability and prevent any future exploitation.

A) The implementation engineer requesting direct approval from the systems engineer and the Chief Information Security Officer is not a correct process for requesting updates or corrections to the client's systems, because it bypasses the change control board and the project manager. This could lead to unauthorized changes that could compromise the project's objectives and deliverables.

C) The information system security officer providing the systems engineer with the system updates is not a correct process for requesting updates or corrections to the client's systems, because it does not involve the change control board or the project manager. This could lead to unauthorized changes that could introduce security vulnerabilities or conflicts with other system components.

D) The security engineer asking the project manager to review the updates for the client's system is not a correct process for requesting updates or corrections to the client's systems, because it does not involve the change control board. The project manager is responsible for facilitating the change management process, but not for approving or rejecting change requests. https://www.projectmanager.com/blog/change-control-board-roles-responsibilities-processes

The change control board (CCB) is a committee that consists of subject matter experts and managers who decide whether to implement proposed changes to a project. The change control board is part of the change management plan, which defines the roles and processes for managing change within a team or organization. The change control board must review and approve a submission for any change request that affects the scope, schedule, budget, quality, or risks of the project. The change control board evaluates the impact and benefits of the change request and decides whether to accept, reject, or defer it.