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ISTQB CTFL4 Practice Test - Questions Answers, Page 14

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Which of the following can be considered a VALID exit criterion? I Estimates of defect density or reliability measures. II . The completion and publication of an exhaustive Test Report. III . Accuracy measures, such as code, functionality or risk coverage. IV Residual risks such as lack of code coverage in certain areas.
The following diagram displays the logical dependencies between requirements and the individual requirement priorities. For example, 'R2->R3' means that R3 is dependent on R2. Priority is indicated by the number next to the letter ''P' i.e. P1 has a higher priority than P2. Which one of the following options best describes the test execution sequence using both requirement dependency and priority
A financial institution is to implement a system that calculates the interest rates paid on investment accounts based on the sum invested. You are responsible for testing the system and decide to use equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis to design test cases. The requirements describe the following expectations: Investment range | Interest rate R500 to RIO 000 10% RIO 001 to R50 000 11% R50 001 to RlOOOOO 12% RIOOOOl to R500 000 | 13% What is the minimum number of test cases required to cover all valid equivalence partitions for calculating the interest?
Which of the following BEST matches the descriptions with the different categories of test techniques? 1. Test cases are based on the test basis which may include the requirements, use cases and user stories 2. Test cases are based on the test basis which may include the software architecture or code 3. Test cases can show deviations from the requirements 4. These test techniques are applicable to both functional and non-functional testing 5. Tests are based on knowledge of developers, users and other stakeholders Black - Black-box test techniques White * White-box test techniques Experience - Experience-based test techniques
Which of the following about typical information found within a test plan is FALSE?
Which of the following is a factor that contributes to a successful review?
Consider the following simplified version of a state transition diagram that specifies the behavior of a video poker game: What Is the minimum number of test cases needed to cover every unique sequence of up to 3 states/2 transitions starting In the 'Start' state and ending In the 'End' state?
For the same financial institution in Question 12, with the same requirements and expectations, what would be the most likely investment values used in testing if two-point boundary value analysis is used to design test cases specific to the 13% interest rate equivalence partition?
The following decision table is used to assist a doctor in determining the drug therapy to prescribe for a patient (aged 6 to 65 years) diagnosed with acute sinusitis. The table consists of three Boolean conditions and six actions Based only on the given information, which of the following statements is TRUE?
Consider a review for a high-level architectural document written by a software architect. The architect does most of the review preparation work, including distributing the document to reviewers before the review meeting. However, reviewers are not required to analyze the document in advance, and during the review meeting the software architect explains the document step by step. The only goal of this review is to establish a common understanding of the software architecture that will be used in a software development project. Which of the following review types does this review refer to?

Question 131

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Which of the following BEST distinguishes the terms 'validation' and 'verification'?

A.
Verification is confirmation through the provision of objective evidence that the specified requirements have been met while validation is confirmation through the provision of objective evidence that the requirements for a specific intended use have been met
A.
Verification is confirmation through the provision of objective evidence that the specified requirements have been met while validation is confirmation through the provision of objective evidence that the requirements for a specific intended use have been met
Answers
B.
Verification is confirmation through the provision of subjective evidence that the specified requirements have been met while validation is confirmation through the provision of subjective evidence that the designs for a specific intended use have been met
B.
Verification is confirmation through the provision of subjective evidence that the specified requirements have been met while validation is confirmation through the provision of subjective evidence that the designs for a specific intended use have been met
Answers
C.
Validation is confirmation through the provision of objective evidence that the specified requirements have been met while verification is confirmation through the provision of objective evidence that the requirements for a specific intended use have been met
C.
Validation is confirmation through the provision of objective evidence that the specified requirements have been met while verification is confirmation through the provision of objective evidence that the requirements for a specific intended use have been met
Answers
D.
Validation is confirmation through the provision of subjective evidence that the specified requirements have been met while verification is confirmation through the provision of subjective evidence that the designs for a specific intended use have been met
D.
Validation is confirmation through the provision of subjective evidence that the specified requirements have been met while verification is confirmation through the provision of subjective evidence that the designs for a specific intended use have been met
Answers
Suggested answer: A

Explanation:

In the context of software testing, the ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 differentiates between 'validation' and 'verification' based on their respective focuses in the software development lifecycle. Verification is the process of evaluating a system or component to determine whether the products of a given development phase satisfy the conditions imposed at the start of that phase. In simpler terms, verification is about checking the product against the specified requirements to ensure it was built correctly. Validation, on the other hand, involves evaluating a system or component during or at the end of the development process to determine whether it meets specified requirements for its intended use. This means validation is about ensuring the product fulfills its intended use and meets the needs of the user.

ISTQB CTFL Syllabus v4.0: ISTQB Official Website

ISTQB Foundation Level Resources v4.0: ASTQB Resources

Question 132

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Which of the following is a possible reason for introducing a defect in software code?

A.
Rushing to meet a tight deadline to turn code over for testing
A.
Rushing to meet a tight deadline to turn code over for testing
Answers
B.
Improper unit testing
B.
Improper unit testing
Answers
C.
Improper system testing
C.
Improper system testing
Answers
D.
Focus on static testing over dynamic testing
D.
Focus on static testing over dynamic testing
Answers
Suggested answer: A

Explanation:

The ISTQB CTFL syllabus identifies several causes for defects in software. One prominent reason, as highlighted in the curriculum, is the pressure and rush to meet tight deadlines, which can lead to insufficiently reviewed or tested code being moved into further stages of testing or production. This scenario describes rushing to meet a deadline as a potential cause for defects because it may compromise the thoroughness of code development and testing.

Reference: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Section 1.4.1 'Why is Testing Necessary?'.

Question 133

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A software application incorrectly provided customers discounts of 50% off their total purchases if the purchases exceeded S100. It was discovered through an audit that the discount should have been only 5% off these purchases. A root cause analysis uncovered that the requirements Incorrectly stated 50% instead of 5% in this scenario.

Which of the following MOST accurately reflects this scenario?

A.
The audit finding Is the root cause, the incorrect calculation of 50% Is the defect, and the Incorrect requirement Is the effect
A.
The audit finding Is the root cause, the incorrect calculation of 50% Is the defect, and the Incorrect requirement Is the effect
Answers
B.
The incorrect customer discount is the effect and the reason for the requirement error is the root cause
B.
The incorrect customer discount is the effect and the reason for the requirement error is the root cause
Answers
C.
The incorrect discount is the root cause, requiring a root cause analysis which led to investigating the software code, design, and requirements
C.
The incorrect discount is the root cause, requiring a root cause analysis which led to investigating the software code, design, and requirements
Answers
D.
A defect in the code is determined to be the root cause of the incorrect calculation
D.
A defect in the code is determined to be the root cause of the incorrect calculation
Answers
Suggested answer: B

Explanation:

According to the ISTQB CTFL syllabus, a defect is a deviation from the expected result which in this scenario is the incorrect discount applied to the customers. The root cause, as per the ISTQB definition, is the originating cause of a defect, which in this case is the incorrect requirement stating 50% instead of 5%. Therefore, the incorrect requirement is the root cause and the customer receiving the wrong discount is the effect of this root cause.

Reference: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Section 1.4.3 'Defects, Root Causes, and Effects'.

Question 134

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Which of the following is an example of the absence-of-errors fallacy?

A.
Repeating the same test cases will continue to find new defects, even after dozens of executions
A.
Repeating the same test cases will continue to find new defects, even after dozens of executions
Answers
B.
A small number of modules contains the most defects
B.
A small number of modules contains the most defects
Answers
C.
Since testing found very few defects, the system certainly will be successful
C.
Since testing found very few defects, the system certainly will be successful
Answers
D.
Other than trivial cases, it is not feasible to test all combinations of inputs and preconditions
D.
Other than trivial cases, it is not feasible to test all combinations of inputs and preconditions
Answers
Suggested answer: C

Explanation:

The absence-of-errors fallacy, as explained in the ISTQB syllabus, is the erroneous belief that having fewer defects found in testing equates to a system being more successful upon release. This misconception can lead stakeholders to undervalue thorough testing. Answer C illustrates this fallacy perfectly: assuming that because few defects were found, the system will be successful, neglects the many other factors that contribute to system success, including user satisfaction and fit-for-purpose.

Reference: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Section 1.1.5 'Absence-of-errors fallacy'.

Question 135

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Which of the following is an example of tasks most associated with the test design activity?

A.
The project manager updates the project schedule as key test tasks are completed
A.
The project manager updates the project schedule as key test tasks are completed
Answers
B.
Test data, derived from production data, is loaded into the test environment
B.
Test data, derived from production data, is loaded into the test environment
Answers
C.
Every day. the tester notes the status of his/her test cases in preparation for daily reports
C.
Every day. the tester notes the status of his/her test cases in preparation for daily reports
Answers
D.
The identification of test execution and test automation tools
D.
The identification of test execution and test automation tools
Answers
Suggested answer: D

Explanation:

Test design is one of the fundamental activities in software testing, focusing on how tests will be structured and what strategies will be employed. As per the ISTQB syllabus, identifying appropriate test execution and automation tools is a task closely associated with test design activities because it directly influences how tests will be conducted, managed, and executed efficiently. This activity involves deciding on the tools that will best support the testing goals and requirements.

Reference: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Section 4.4 'Test Design Techniques'.

Question 136

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Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement about the benefit of traceability between the test basis and test work products?

A.
Traceability may be required by IT governance rules
A.
Traceability may be required by IT governance rules
Answers
B.
Traceability may help evaluate the extent of test coverage
B.
Traceability may help evaluate the extent of test coverage
Answers
C.
Traceability may allow testing to be auditable
C.
Traceability may allow testing to be auditable
Answers
D.
Traceability may make it harder to understand the impact of changes
D.
Traceability may make it harder to understand the impact of changes
Answers
Suggested answer: D

Explanation:

The statement 'Traceability may make it harder to understand the impact of changes' is incorrect. Traceability in testing actually facilitates understanding the impact of changes by linking test cases to requirements. This linkage helps ensure that any changes in the requirements are adequately reflected and verified in the test cases, thus supporting effective management of changes and maintaining the integrity of the system or product being developed (ISTQB not-for-profit association) (ISTQB Main Web).

Reference:

ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0: https://istqb-main-web-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/media/documents/ISTQB_CTFL_Syllabus-v4.0.pdf

ISTQB Official Website - CTFL Certification: https://www.istqb.org/certifications/certified-tester-foundation-level/

Question 137

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Which of the following is a CORRECT statement about how a tester should communicate about defects, test results, and other test information?

A.
Testers should include personal opinions and judgements in defect reports and review findings
A.
Testers should include personal opinions and judgements in defect reports and review findings
Answers
B.
Testers should emphasize the benefits of testing, such as increased quality and reduced risk
B.
Testers should emphasize the benefits of testing, such as increased quality and reduced risk
Answers
C.
Testers should reject all questions about their test findings and information
C.
Testers should reject all questions about their test findings and information
Answers
D.
Testers should take a command-and-control approach with the project team
D.
Testers should take a command-and-control approach with the project team
Answers
Suggested answer: B

Explanation:

Communication from testers about defects, test results, and other test information should emphasize the benefits of testing such as increased quality and reduced risk. This positive framing helps in reinforcing the value of testing and ensuring stakeholders understand the contribution of testing to the overall project success (ISTQB not-for-profit association).

Reference:

ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0: https://istqb-main-web-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/media/documents/ISTQB_CTFL_Syllabus-v4.0.pdf

Question 138

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Which statement best describes the key difference between a mindset for test activities and a mindset for development activities?

A.
A tester possesses professional pessimism while a developer is concerned with validating the product
A.
A tester possesses professional pessimism while a developer is concerned with validating the product
Answers
B.
A tester is concerned with finding defects while a developer is interested in designing solutions
B.
A tester is concerned with finding defects while a developer is interested in designing solutions
Answers
C.
A tester is interested in building solutions while a developer is concerned with verifying the product
C.
A tester is interested in building solutions while a developer is concerned with verifying the product
Answers
D.
A tester is concerned with verifying the product while a developer possesses professional pessimism
D.
A tester is concerned with verifying the product while a developer possesses professional pessimism
Answers
Suggested answer: B

Explanation:

The key difference between the mindsets for test activities and development activities lies in the objectives: a tester is primarily concerned with finding defects to ensure product quality, while a developer focuses on designing and building solutions. This distinct focus helps ensure thorough quality checks and balances within the software development life cycle (ISTQB not-for-profit association).

Reference:

ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0: https://istqb-main-web-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/media/documents/ISTQB_CTFL_Syllabus-v4.0.pdf

Question 139

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Which of the following software development models BEST exemplifies a model that does NOT support the principle of early testing?

A.
The iterative development model
A.
The iterative development model
Answers
B.
The V-model
B.
The V-model
Answers
C.
The Waterfall model
C.
The Waterfall model
Answers
D.
The incremental development model
D.
The incremental development model
Answers
Suggested answer: C

Explanation:

The Waterfall model exemplifies a software development model that does not support the principle of early testing. In the Waterfall model, each phase must be completed before the next begins, which delays testing until after the completion of the earlier phases like requirements gathering and design. This can often result in finding defects later in the development cycle, making them more expensive and time-consuming to fix (ISTQB not-for-profit association) (ISTQB not-for-profit association).

Reference:

ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0: https://istqb-main-web-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/media/documents/ISTQB_CTFL_Syllabus-v4.0.pdf

ISTQB News Release on CTFL v4.0: https://www.istqb.org/news/posts/istqb-releases-certified-tester-foundation-level-v40-ctfl/

Question 140

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Which of the following is the BEST reason for selecting a particular type of software development lifecycle model?

A.
The project manager's preference
A.
The project manager's preference
Answers
B.
Tester skill level with the software development lifecycle model
B.
Tester skill level with the software development lifecycle model
Answers
C.
The project team's overall familiarity with the model
C.
The project team's overall familiarity with the model
Answers
D.
The type of product being developed
D.
The type of product being developed
Answers
Suggested answer: D

Explanation:

The choice of a software development lifecycle (SDLC) model is primarily influenced by the type of product being developed. Different products and project requirements may demand different SDLC models to address specific challenges and needs efficiently. For instance, a complex, safety-critical product might best be served by a Waterfall model due to its structured nature and phase dependencies, while a more iterative and incremental model might be suited for projects requiring frequent feedback and changes.

Reference: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Section 2.1 'Software Development Lifecycles'.

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